Why Is It Important?
To grasp the significance of intrinsic factor, it’s essential to understand the importance of Vitamin B12. This vitamin is crucial for the metabolism of every cell in our body. It plays a critical role in DNA synthesis, forming red blood cells, and ensuring proper brain function. Since the human body can’t produce B12 on its own, it must be obtained from our diet. Though some bacteria in the digestive tract can produce B12, dietary sources are the most reliable way to get enough of this nutrient.
Foods rich in B12 include fish, shellfish, meat, liver, eggs, poultry, and dairy products. Interestingly, a Japanese fermented black tea called Batabata-cha contains significant amounts of B12 and is considered a vegan source. Kombucha also reportedly has varying levels of B12. Without sufficient B12, serious neurological issues can arise, potentially leading to death. The challenge, however, is that B12 can’t survive the acidic environment of the stomach. This is where intrinsic factor comes into play.
How Intrinsic Factor Works
Intrinsic factor binds to B12 when it comes into contact with gastric juices in the stomach. Once B12 is bound to intrinsic factor, it can safely pass through the stomach and reach the small intestine. There, intrinsic factor dissolves, freeing B12 to bind with another protein called transcobalamin II. This new complex allows B12 to pass through the intestinal cells and enter the bloodstream, eventually reaching the liver.
What Causes the Body to Stop Producing It?
Only the parietal cells in the stomach produce sufficient intrinsic factor. If these cells are damaged, intrinsic factor is no longer produced, and B12 absorption becomes impossible. Conditions like alcoholism and ulcerative gastritis can kill these vital cells, increasing the risk of B12 deficiency. Other causes include H. pylori infection, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, and gastric bypass surgery. Age can also be a factor in reduced intrinsic factor production.
The lack of intrinsic factor leads to a condition known as pernicious anemia, which hampers the absorption of B12. In some cases, pernicious anemia can be inherited, particularly among individuals of Scandinavian or Northern European descent. Diseases like Grave’s disease, Addison’s disease, and type 1 diabetes can also elevate the risk of developing pernicious anemia. Those with this condition may also face an increased risk of gastric cancer.
What to Do in Its Absence
If someone lacks intrinsic factor, they will need to supplement with B12. Since the vitamin can’t be digested without intrinsic factor, it must be administered through regular injections. While sublingual options are available, they may not provide sufficient B12 levels. It’s essential to consult with a doctor to determine the best supplementation method.
